""6ywgeffefVd1&uA! "!3#"35uR ""S2!#"4EefeR Hu " !!H1!"3DePCEUefgvfvR!!! 24FgwyR"23#" %fffwwxvdDvxgwe33U3ge!! Not only was he active, but Langston introduced his younger brother John to his political circles. 22""! Persuaded by a fellow slave named Caesar, Cora escapes from the Georgia plantation where she was born and travels north, riding in the boxcar of a secret underground train. !""2#4C3#3H"!4CD4E31"4D1"! 8xDc4B2"#eUB5eC "3"!" The Langstons remained in Lawrence, Kansas, for the rest of their lives, moving in 1888 into town, where Charles had a part-interest in a grocery store. BT Today the Quindaro Townsite is preserved for historical purposes, as the site of an early African-American community in the state. "BB432"33HR$b 2D444U2"#24fvu043C44DDDB!#VeQ2"3C3C2#32WQ$xQ #43D4FB"3C3ffe1 3334DDED1!!!! $3"343! BT More votes were cast against women suffrage than against black suffrage[1], In 1868, Langston moved near Lawrence, Kansas, where he purchased a farm. After his first wife died, in 1869 Langston married the widow Mary Patterson Leary in Oberlin. !! " 6vwwwgxxv1$EFfe#hv1!! -0.0001 Tc "D# ! [(partment of Economics. 0 Tw ""23# wxwfDEUD2! yxEVxsCDDDBWxyyvD3CUUgt1$gv2""! ! /BitsPerComponent 4 yxxwwwvwu3EwwgU2!2! #23"4""!"" The success of the Underground Railroad resulted in the passage of a much stronger Fugitive Slave Law in 1850. "5ef@ !!! 7.5 0 0 7.5 256.1535 40.0043 Tm "3FC!$T2 eTfUEvUggxwwhFghefC4DUUUEFdhfyhs!#3TDWfwwf1eWgfeB6wwEfvxxeC3EWgwggvevwxywefvhgvTD Wxe3CC43!!!"2WuS5t! "3333B"$DC3"43B2" ! Essays for The Underground Railroad. !21!223#" xwvxwgffffxvwvwvVfwgeeVTE4EVVUgeC "4EfVfdEDUffuUDC2""!72!#2CUVVVgwueUDEUUeUTFfVeUdUD4D3TDUgveeVwhvgfggefveEUefvTT5EDTUevvwxxfVffT3!!3B2!"#2""!!" "33" "3B eUdC"""" ""3! ""xvEEEFfUS2EeDUegffWfdFvwUb 6we1 ""#"3343#3J""433D5C2#EC$"!!"""3"! 36.5 25.667 540 22.666 re Their children were Nathaniel Turner Langston, named after the man who led a slave rebellion in Virginia; and Caroline Mercer Langston. UeeggvvUD2""2"" ! /OP false "!#4TffWgfwffvfffUTEUUfVgfvvfggvwgxvvufwxvfwxwwxxwwxvwegxwwgvfFUeTUUDC"" 24Vvyb"223" 5fgfwwweUfxwWgwe !3DDC$wu!""""#4DfVfvwggggfVgeEDUVVfgwgvwgwggxxwgfWwxwvfgwxwwwxxwwwvgwhgggufVVVUUTC2""!" However, in some places the railroad was literal, rather than only a metaphor. 10 0 0 10 289.4346 40.0043 Tm Congr)17(ess. "!B "2! !3#C 34431 "! !#"jb34EU CDDUUeUUUS"! Cora. They had two children together. He always stressed that he sought legal justice as a human being, not a black human being. Hwxyw1!EeT "33#VfvwxfdUCD4C "!"!! In some cases, white people would pretend to be the slaves' owners to help them evade capture. ##B1 5D3""3UbWguFUS6xxwwu334UC"""""#A! ! !"3! #E33DSB !# wxt2FUT ""32 fhwxwveD43DB!! Later in the century the college's programs were revived and expanded, including a theological course. 34""!23222DegxwT"!"!Efgwu4TDVUT!%TDUefP3C33"2#""!34222""2DEDDTUVU2"#!!2!""2#$DC#4Wgwv1""!D2#UVfeTEVUUed1"!4Ufvp33C323#1!332"#3#"#"2! He had joined John Brown's Raid in 1859 on Harper's Ferry and died of wounds eight days after the attack. BT UffvwwwgvVwwgwe 2! "ffEEVfed3$43TDEUewwwxb ""2" 4CC2""!44C32"!24B"413$4# wuwuTDDED3$C4DDUVWgvffvw ! "32 !!#3332!33D3"$TTTDC4DS! << Still worked with a Underground Railroad network across New Jersey, New York, New England, and Canada, and even crossed paths with Harriet Tubman. fWws#FTUT2!! "3#!3"" 3""344CCC423! %vwhC"FUd! "DEUefgvgufevfVgVDDUfgggwvwhwwwfVxxwwgggwwgfuUgvwgxwyxxxxxxhwxwgfghxwgwgfgwvvUD2233""1##" D6fxR#DD21 Fwxwxw1#DDVge$gv2"$UefewgfefgffeffDDUfvvwwwgwxxwvfxxxxvwgfwxwgvfeUggvxxwxwwwwwxxwxhwwfffgwwwxggfeT4B33#"22#2! 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That year Langston helped found the Ohio Anti-Slavery Society and, with his younger brother John as president, led it as executive secretary. Eevggwd hb "436Q! "TE4D2 #" 7xWveS#! [5][8] While living in Leavenworth, he was active in Topeka, Lawrence, Atchison and small towns in northeastern Kansas, frequently covered in press reports of political activities. /GS0 gs 0.025 Tw "$DCC5vVe4EVffVR C33####"!342! (HARLES)Tj ""3321 !!3C233D44UD! "! After the American Civil War, he was appointed as general superintendent of refugees and freedmen for the Freedmen's Bureau in Kansas. Charles was the grandfather of renowned poet Langston Hughes. q 4CC4#1#1#2 $VR!#ESggvU34#eTfgu23EC!!"33"7xwvgeT4DVDS#4B"#EfDEUc233C#5CEEc$UVvxzgVfVfT53DDUSGeUDUD3!3TUS#YeVfgu34DEDET1!TTD"!"!! 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The Langstons also had a foster son, named Dessalines Langston after a major leader of the Haitian Revolution.[5]. endobj The oldest brother, Gideon, looked so much like his father that at age 21, he took the Quarles surname.[3]. stream !EfgwwB$WwwwR4DU5dTgfxxwvfTUFUCFt #gwwxwffCd!e44UVgxt"EfggfgU22"35We&wxxwgeeUUVVS5d 5gvC2!2 g33UgwS2DFyT5hbB#EgWv`xxwwxxxueeUVVUfT5B#EgyvT" Wc#6fwt"DTUS#yAt4Vh"C0wvwxxxxweeUeFUefVDC!$EEfxxwUC! wvwwxvwwwwd35gwwvvgfVu0 4VwxxvffUT#4E5EEBEC ""! !EB "$333B!2B g ! 2 0 obj stream "3#3"!"3CgwefvT%Wxxhxxc!#HixWxgCCCSVxTdVuwvgvUj#yr#VU"!#Gf1Hu$T2#EiWwuUEEUfxb$D3! [Great and prolonged applause, in spite of the efforts of the Court and the Marshal.][7]. /Length 71838 -0.002 Tc /F3 1 Tf #ETD4S! [1], From 1863 to 1870, Langston worked for equality under the law for blacks in Kansas: suffrage, the right to sit on juries and testify in court, and to have black children educated in common schools. 10 0 0 10 526.313 201.0026 Tm "32 $43#C3TD3! ET ""! " The members of the society pledged to ! /F0 1 Tf /GS2 gs "5TC3432DC"33""!2 xywvVvfxxvwwweUfgxwvvfeggeVfB EgwegxwwvEeUD33DCDC2 %fu! -0.0001 Tc 0 792 0 0 re B!3EDDC334## WgfVUR!!2!"4D2! [5] Their younger brother John Langston also graduated from there. ""3EUVfVvwvfffgfgVDDUVfgvgvvxgfxxxxvvvwwvgdGwwxxxxwxfwgxwxwvwvfegvgvVC33#3"2"1"! ET ""23C#""!UUffwwR #a #gt! "4TD3D3Uwgs$TUffT33EDDDB$UfgVzvfvuefET#DEEfee4SC#D3!43T14VFTVeS1$4S#DUeED30 " ! [(tute, minister r)17(esident to the Republic of Haiti, and r)18(e)1(p)1(r)18(esentative fr)18(om V)55(i)1(r)18(ginia to the fifty-first U.S. !!"" [(harles Henry Langston\325s car)18(eer as an )37(African )37(American educator)75(, civil rights leader)74(, and politician has been ne)-1(-)]TJ ! 3222#2 33#2!"31"32! endstream ""34#3"3! 3S""#$VeeCA3EUfVfU!"2"! 1 w In 1872 he was appointed as principal of the Quindaro Freedman's School (later Western University), the first black college west of the Mississippi River. White and African-American "conductors" served as guides from place to place for freedom seekers. !3TD ! /F0 1 Tf !#1 ! The name Underground Railroad was used metaphorically, not literally. "!#3 7ReUU"7y0 !!! /BitsPerComponent 4 !3#242 4fU2!""2! 43DDUT5US! -0.0001 Tc 3UwQ "3 "333" !"33222#"!1"! 10 0 0 10 567.5 40.0043 Tm -0.002 Tc ""3DEDC4Wed3EUgfUC 3333##2""34A "! #U2!! 5vvuC"#ED4DEUffS033""!"3!!!! 223DDCC33433"" &S! #fd1 """2 ! 3C$EUVFi"5ffVC534C#Deef0 '"6ekV4CD1#z0WfgVfe4UT#UUDCCC223DDDD"I!$4TS2#3VUdDweh1"#gfVU3"5{"3EgfevveUDyTTC4XgwfhB$xUEUfhwVEDA#2"4DETEUfUTxt"233"DdT3"! Despite the efforts of many activists in the state, the legislature did not enfranchise black men until after national passage in 1870 of the Fifteenth Amendment granting the franchise to males without regard for race. "! weDUe2 ##3!!!!!!"#3D3CC3CC2"! ""!#14UeA "!1DEUfed x ! 44C"3!!"33"#"#1""#"!d3! endobj "2" $DUUB ' " &! /SA false 0.047 Tw 0 Tc 6ywgfVefefd1&yv2#""#3335UcFfgvvevgwwxyvgvfffVfeVVfwgwfvwvwvfeUUeefgffeVeeeeeVVUfVDEeVUDUUdT33#2!"#""EUTTUU5CETUSCD3B! (1)Tj (Langston)Tj Kevin says they made a difference its just that meetings and petitions dont make for a good story. "S "3" "21#C """"3CD5fvvuwvfUc! 0.01 Tw gfvffeVFeefeeDVfUD2#fge! /F3 1 Tf !222 !33331!333B"33334DEU! f /Type/ExtGState Vfxt"UUeUC""32##yB#UUUh1$w1"!#DEUVWeuvwvwUeeVeeeTVgxwwuGwvwgxxwwwwwxxxxxgwwgyxwwegvwyvggVgfffveEUD4#33C43"!! xxxxt!#4Uwxwxb""" 5WfffweDUwwwwve 3A %wA!!!"!""3DEWefVfVVUVfUUVUeeVEVfeVECTVwxvwwwgfvfVhxxuVhxwwwvVwveeUfvvvwfTVVfVECB3#"$2"! Most lived in urban areas. ""3C2 UeVgvfUT3#! 0.0066 Tc "43 %T! 0.0162 -1 TD /F0 1 Tf "!DDT3# !3" xeDUU3!"#332!!"#3STCC42D4B"! 0 Tc vvufVUVVVfVTDVdEUECWwvC!$VS! f ""#333" #EU1"23!!4Wvffc"EUfve1#"""1#"!""422!#3C!2!"##"!"333""! T* "34S"jDUUC$24D"3UUA lrWSH! wvETTB"2#"! wx!"%Vgwxb"##2! 577.17 720 l "DEUe2"SEe!5dEECe5efyfEUVvUeTB3eVvfkeuefCEUUVUCBiEUUTT$D33"kT5TDD1"3DDEUfc"$3"YeEC#""#"" ! %PDF-1.3 "4wgfcDUVfwfR "1"""22"!! "! /SA false Ufvwged443C""!"! ! And as in that trying hour I would have others do to me, as I would call upon my friends to help me; as I would call upon you, your Honor, to help me; as I would call upon you [to the District-Attorney], to help me; and upon you [to Judge Bliss], and upon you [to his counsel], so help me GOD! EEeVVvS Xwv1 "$a#442"# C344DT5UFT!"5Vf0! 8 0 0 8 147.1756 89.9774 Tm !!!! 5ffvwgu !3FQ"C34Vd 4DD44TVVeA2"33!5fe!!!!! "33C5UC35UwvfgeeUDUD4#2" wxwwwwwxvR 6xxffeefVfUd15v1!""! 1 "!"3!""! 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Enrollment increased and teachers were trained. #"3"3! 2"3!#D#2 5U$3Dec!ef1VeCvgT243U3!3C4C32""ZuUEUEfwwfc#4DgT1#2#CB4UTU24UfgS$5VfSEVuTDDB2#FWfwfxuuudVuTC#5EDfueUVU44C3%U2$GeUeeS4UCEEUTD4!#!!" r!! ""De0DUUVVgvvuQ!3"2#5eR ! #D43DTeE"6edTB4R$T5VfgfQ"FVWTD44%A"3FqjwwefvcEc35UUdD423"$DED"Yc44DB#33D$EfffB""B##"#FUfeU1$iC2gfUgfT4EUQivf"2#5gve"45Ueefwu2xCCC3"4TT2!!!! )]TJ John Mercer Langston, From the Virginia Plantation to the National Capitol; The First and Only Negro Representative in Congress from the Old Dominion (Kansas)Tj 8 0 0 8 56.5 89.9774 Tm ""2 $333! /Im1 Do $TE3"!#33! "345C" " "T32! Their three sons were born after that. 37.492 304.672 327.658 22.834 re )]TJ 36.85 171.014 539.15 105.498 re 3CEDEEUeT""!!EfT! This webpage discusses the Underground Railroad (UGRR). 0.007 Tc The Underground Railroad was a series of efforts to assist fugitives by providing them with forged passes, transportation, food, and shelter. xxwwwxxwfgfvfwwwggggfvggveUTDCDDVVeffeUDUD3333""""3EVUVeUT445UedC"" "!HB!""#4EUefwgVTTEUUfUTFUUeUUETDDDSDVgguefwxxgvfvvfuVeDgfgudDDUFVVvxveSDD3"! endobj "#"#2 eegwwfTDDDT2!""! 2! "34DVeffgwvfvfVffgUUVwgvwwxwxwxwgvxxxggfgwwwvvvexwwwfwvwfvxgxwggffeUUUUfvwwwvwvfffffeETUUTUCC32 Tfws4DTE#!! Langston quickly became involved in black political affairs in Ohio, where Oberlin was the center of a strong abolitionist movement, with supporters aiding a station on the Underground Railroad. efggwuTTC4C2"!" "#"1!#DUUfed & A !"!#za!"#34DS4DDTETDUUS"! I stand here to say that I will do all I can, for any man thus seized and held, though the inevitable penalty of six months imprisonment and one thousand dollars fine for each offense hangs over me! "322!#$1 !$42"3S"""#313C2" 2"# !2!30UVec !!!! The Underground Railroad was the name given to the system by which escaped slaves from the South were helped in their flight to the North. "3C$DeEFgwxgvvwwxxUeuVUVUefuffffwfgwgfxwvVfVfUfffgfveueVVuedUUVUdeeDC443C42"1"##34D32$EvwfffUeUVUSC3C" wxwgvwxxwefwxxxwR 5gffVVfVVT2&21"!"#3#4eTEwwwfvggwxxxxefvfUVVVfgfffevfgwvfwwwvfVeVVVVfgvfeffeefUUeUeUUUuUD$DCD2B"""CCC! The Underground Railroad was established to aid enslaved people in their escape to freedom. 7.5 0 0 7.5 316.7712 39.6709 Tm 3DA ##!#EUgvTWS !3VvvvS"3"3"2""322""C2!!!$"333"#21!! #8!! [(Str)7(uggle in)]TJ 381.512 305.167 805.988 376.165 re (L)Tj /F0 1 Tf So they take a back seat to the Underground Railroad. "fB"#"! T4"FfwwvUUCB#DC2Cevv4hiUB'TVRfffUufuVzTDid!#FEC!#D34Efv4TI""WvxwVfe234EQ"$gB4gvfwvVVUB4fffxwvUgwt#UWvC'efgxwxxwvC4hvC!"""#"2""321#C3EfUT2tECEfffvVEVUSYtCGQ"CDegfBXyE3EjvVVUUffffffdhSEIR!#UtU2!"344UVf5D'g!yxywgeWS!3haFxb$GvvxvEFxd34$VeFUVxc#EVe2&fvhxxxxgeB"X2! 8 0 0 8 56.5 125.9774 Tm #S4343! 7.5 0 0 7.5 279.9313 39.6709 Tm /Height 307 T* "CCD333!!6xvvvffS6yB"#45UTUUTDEUVffvgwvvvufuwvwfvwvfffVewvfevueewwwxgxvevgwxvwvUVVUUedTdfVUDgvgfVUVeDedDEDT433"##33! !3 $d#EWw3"#CEj1C"EVQ# wxyxgvfUeUVUefVTDCB#DUTfwwU""$B V"DVb""35UUyt3Ewa! << He started working for suffrage and equal rights for blacks. It was not an actual railroad, but it served the same purposeit transported people long distances. His father provided for his sons' education and ensured Langston and his brothers inherited his estate. "3334EUB2Vfvd 434DDCCC!4DE3"UUfeVeTDeVfvvpB34332"22"CD3!!!!"!"!"3!CDEUffgvC44DBC##""3SED4VVTBEUA2eeVffVVUUUUfeT42DUfVwfvggvufffp334332#"33DD3!!!!"2#3CDEUefEEUUUVEUDTTUUUUUVeffffBWggvwvvwwvwwgwvffgVfvwvwwvfeVUU`C34332$#34TTC!"!"! (H)Tj /ColorSpace/DeviceGray [(\(Hartfor)17(d, Conn.: )37(American Publishing Co., 1894\), 1, 1)1(2)-100-100(14; W)55(illiam Cheek and )36(Aimee Lee Cheek, )]TJ They were used by African American slaves to escape into free states and Canada with the aid of abolitionists and allies who were sympathetic to their cause. He also was active in an African Methodist Episcopal Church. "DUU 5dTUDUTVUVUTUffDEDB$UfWfzfefVCUDTVU33zedDUT43D43#{S4U4C1!3EEVUe2!#3YUDC221""! << Charles Henry Langston (18171892) was an American abolitionist and political activist who was active in Ohio and later in Kansas, during and after the American Civil War, where he worked for black suffrage and other civil rights. In 1835 Langston and his older brother Gideon were the first African Americans to attend Oberlin College in Ohio. FhS! ""1"!#$! "43D31 ! [4] Their father had left his natural sons substantial inheritances that provided for their education and, as adults, enabled them to work for political reform. !! The Underground Railroad in Lawrence and Douglas County, Kansas, 18541865: A Reader(Division of Continuing Education, University of Kansas, 1998). on sites and structures of the underground railroad in Washington: a three-tier classification is proposed. Both Bushnell and Langston were tried and convicted by the same all-Democratic white jury, an injustice Langston addressed in his speech to the court. #WWgwvfwu0#wxeC#2!#Ej!#iCxxwwwwd #yvgc4gd5gfefe!%wwxAwxC2T23DHA%y5gxwxwwy!yg#VfVfVB5xR%wi"$t$UFzB$"5zxxxxwx1$h$FUUVUS Ffvugfwb5wxc!'5UTY"hxy1xx2#X3$3D4De1VdC"#TDVwcFwC!IwvTWu$fUDWeDVwRxxxwxB#HB33323VSVd1#S"FeVxxB!#yUV%dS"Ge34Xczxxb#GwyvTTTDC#VT$WvT3G"Wu%Vx1"GU"&uTXUVx6xyc"FvuUhuFWfVU4ee3DVgUB"Efwxu2#jeyR6xUhxt!5T4wUFhdFwwwfTfeEEUgwwxCVVwxuCDvwUxxxe#B#VeTggUFgwveVeUTDWxuywveefwdDUyvfwxxt!"#gwffwuTEfvvgUeeeSCVgfUeWxhwegxySDFhwwXwgxxwe!"$gwU45UUdTDVeUdCEVfSDfvvxwfgdB45hvvVfvwyyxweB5VwvUTCUUTCS3VeVTD4EfTFVfVhwefC"##hvVFfwwfVyvwyfT3FgffD3FVfeeE4UeUT33344DUEEffUexB!fgwwweV5vgfUEWwxwwVf#VeUfR#FggvvuSVVUC"2"##3C3DTDEfwxRD"2EC25uVXge32UvwxxheVfB#ETEeB$WhxgwvUVfTA"!!""$#4ETUfyc!$B6A5vVfgTTgfgxUEfd3334B$WgwhveefU4!!"3!#FuefwxS5dC3hDhWUWUDffgxxwwfUUFfA!"""5efwfffUVeDFA"!"7wffvu!5wvggxDefEvVXxxgeUVTEWs"UfggefUCeC"h1!! ""#B3" !433DTB"#! Both Martha, Charles & family disappear from By the early 20th century, the university was promoted as a model of musical and industrial education. #B3"23!C#3#2C3!#22!!"u443TfhwxwC! 0.8571 -1 TD It had some noted women graduates who had professional careers in music in New York City. "32#3"!#""#!"3Vfvwu"!!! "2 !%gc"$VUS1 ! 10 0 0 10 321.2168 40.0043 Tm !"!! Continuing years of trying to gain support for this goal, Langston gained support by Republican Governor Samuel J. Crawford for a referendum in 1867 on the question of black suffrage. "225VvvgUVb#UgvvS0C2#33!"!!#2221343!! Charles worked as a cabinet maker. "##2"DED42 !3EB4EC33" #2"! Charles Langston and his two younger brothers were born free, to a free woman. effgwwwwfgwwghwu 31 UU!! The Underground Railroad essays are academic essays for citation. -4.9375 -1.3 TD The Underground Railroad was a system devised to help fugitive slaves escape from their owners into free states, the north and Canada, often with forged freeman papers. 8 0 0 8 364.3004 107.9774 Tm 24C3 "!! (African)Tj ! [3], Before his death, Ralph Quarles arranged for his Quaker friend William Gooch to be made guardian of his children. -0.0002 Tc [5], American abolitionist and political activist, Quarles was the descendant of the 17th-century English poet, Leon F. Litwack and August Meier (eds), "John Mercer Langston: Principle and Politics", in, "Hardin and Langston: Western Black Spokesmen of the Reconstruction Era", "Charles Henry Langston and the African American Struggle in Kansas", "Charles Langston's Speech in the Cuyahoga County Courthouse, May 1859", "Western University at Quindaro, Kansas and its legacy of pioneering musical women", Eugene H. Berwanger, "Hardin and Langston: Western Black Spokesmen of the Reconstruction Era", Richard B. Sheridan, Charles Henry Langston and the African American Struggle in Kansas, "An Account of the Trials of Simeon Bushnell and Charles Langston", Letter from Charles Langston, Leavenworth, KS to S. N. Wood, April 7, 1867, discussing the possibilities of passage of suffrage amendments for women and negroes, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Henry_Langston&oldid=1017343991, African-American people in Virginia politics, African-American college graduates before 1865, Death-date and age transclusions with invalid parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Nathaniel Turner Langston, Caroline Mercer Langston, Dessalines Langston (foster child). 0 0 0 0 k From 17,108 blacks in Kansas in 1870, the numbers increased to 43,107 in 1880 and 52,003 by 1900. ! ""232 """""30x""$UB ER!!!! 10 0 0 10 308.4534 39.6709 Tm "#DD3 wgeUVVVVU1 DUUTUEegfvvfd5! 22#4DD4##34#2! !EywvfffVVU"7xv1#""2CDEVVDEffvwwfvxxxwxwxxwwwxxeffVVUUewwwxxVgvffffdUfvfDEEDUEDUFUUUUEVUEUDgvUSCETB2D332332#"33DC2#CEC43B2 wxxwwvfvwvhwt &vR" ""23!""EywfffefT1&v1! He helped the young man be admitted to a state convention in 1850, when he was only 20. The language employed was key in attempts to preserve the view that the law was on the side of the The Underground Railroad hid Price in Oberlin, then helped transport him to Canada and freedom. !EedD5"#Ghwxhh34DUUVUEvhhywc5wuVwwf2Ehxe2FfwTEfgUyD3EfufwgffWwywTCEggxwwudB #Vgxwe $ECC3!